Industrial Wastewater Treatment
In most cases, wastewater treatment is carried out in a series of well-choreographed stages. These stages are referred to as
- preliminary treatment;
- primary treatment;
- secondary treatment;
- tertiary (or advanced) treatment.
Furthermore, all wastewater treatment plants generate waste solids, which are variously referred to as "sludge," "bio solids," or similar terms, and must be managed. Almost all of them also require effluent disinfection prior to discharge.
Screening to remove large floating objects, rags, and other items that could damage plant equipment; flow measurement devices; storage facilities to even out the flow to the plant; and grit removal to remove large gravel, stones, and other, mostly inorganic, components that get into the system are all part of preliminary treatment.
A sedimentation basin is used for primary treatment, in which relatively heavy objects settle out and buoyant materials such as plastic, as well as fats, greases, and oil, float to the top. At this point, these are mostly organics, but there may be a few inorganics thrown in for good measure.
The secondary portion of the treatment plant is biological system, followed by a secondary sedimentation basin and a recycle system. Wasting, or the removal and disposal of excess solids generated in the secondary treatment system, is an important component of the process, and the rate at which solids are recycled to the secondary system's inlet controls the entire treatment process.
Nutrient removal and other more specialized treatment operations are part of the tertiary system. Some plants do not require it at all.
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